What is sequencing? You may have heard of genomes being sequenced. For instance, the human genome was completed in 2003, after a many-year, international effort. But what does it mean to …

DNA sequencing is a method used to determine the precise order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) within a DNA molecule. Here's a more detailed explanation of the process:

Using PCR, a DNA sequence can be amplified millions or billions of times, producing enough DNA copies to be analyzed using other techniques. For instance, the DNA may be visualized by gel …

DNA sequencing involves determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a DNA molecule. In some cases, just one piece of DNA is sequenced at a time, while in other cases, a large …

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. For a protein-coding gene, the RNA copy, or transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein …

Key points: DNA cloning is a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene. In a typical cloning experiment, a target gene is inserted into a circular piece …

With DNA sequencing, rather than using physical or behavioral features of organisms to build trees, we can instead compare the sequences of their orthologous (evolutionarily related) genes or proteins.

To crack the genetic code, researchers needed to figure out how sequences of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule could encode the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

But how does the sequence of a DNA molecule actually affect a human or other organism's features? For example, how did the sequence of nucleotides (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in the DNA of Mendel's pea …

The picture below shows DNA being transcribed by many RNA polymerases at the same time, each with an RNA "tail" trailing behind it. The polymerases near the start of the gene have short RNA tails, …